One of the most extensively researched substantive oil is teatime Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree oil , as well as being one of the most backed by the conclusions and finding that these studies have discovered . Tea tree oil is produced from Melaleuca alternifolia , which is a shrub - same tree that primarily grows along the sloppy areas and streams of Australia .
The numerous tea tree diagram oil uses were well fuck among the native Australian native , who used the petroleum found in the Camellia sinensis tree diagram leaves to treat many conditions and who passed their knowledge down from multiplication to generation .
Tea tree oil , which is also hump as melaleuca , is well - known as a powerful antiseptic and for its ability to cover wounds , which makes it one of the better antibacterial essential oils that you may have in your home ( .. ) .
The uses for tea leaf tree crude are strong , and melaleuca oil colour is becoming a favorite gain to a kind of decorative and household products . It ’s a rude anti - inflammatory , and antiseptic properties have made it one of the most beneficial essential crude to have in your medicine console ( .. ) .
What is Tea Tree Oil?
market in Australia , North America , and Europe as an anti - seditious and antiseptic agentive role , tea tree crude is an combat-ready component in many topical formulas that are used to do by infections . There are many tea tree oil products that you’re able to purchase like cleaning production , shampoo , laundry detergent , skin , and nail creams .
The main fighting ingredients in teatime tree oil colour include sesquiterpenes , terpene hydrocarbon , and monoterpenes . These are the compounds that give Camellia sinensis tree its antiviral , antibacterial , antifungal , and antimicrobial body process .
Tea tree oil check over 100 different chemical compound , with alpha - terpineol and terpinen-4 - ol , being the most active .
It also incorporate volatile hydrocarbons that are considered aromatic and can travel through the melodic phrase , mucous membranes , and pores in the skin , which is why Camellia sinensis tree diagram oil is often used in aromatherapy and locally to kill germs , soothe skin fervour , and crusade infections .
Health and Beauty Tea Tree Oil Remedies
While tea leaf tree oil has long been an effective path to treat acne , there are other mantrap and wellness benefits of tea leaf tree petroleum . With it ’s anti - viral , anti - fungal , antiseptic , and antibacterial property , you may habituate tea tree oil as a natural herbal medication to treat numerous health and beauty outcome .
Treat Acne
One of the most well - know habit of Camellia sinensis tree oil is in treating acne . Our skin is a roaring surroundings that is full of last microbes . While sure bacteria are necessary , some bacterium , like Propionibacterium acne , can cause breakouts on your hide .
Along with fighting this bacteria , which is only a small cause of acne , the terpene in tea tree oil study to penetrate your pore to relax up blocked oil and dirt that cause blackheads , Whitehead , and those afflictive red acne lesion and breakouts .
In late studies , a dilution of tea Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree oil worked just as well as 5 percentage benzoyl peroxide for controlling the symptom of acne .
In a small bowl , immix the constituent . merge until exhaustively combined . After cleansing your face in the evening before bed , use the handling to your hide . In the good morning , thoroughly rinse your fount with warm water . To utilize this treatment to spy treat acne , use a cotton wool swab to dab a small amount now onto the blemish .
Cure Psoriasis
Psoriasis is a common skin disorder in which skin electric cell regenerate too quickly and accumulate on the cutis ’s control surface lead in the organisation of shell on the surface of the skin . Although the disease may be soft , it can quickly progress .
There are many causes of developing psoriasis , and will ordinarily appear for no reason . Those with skin lesions , such as insect bites and track , heavy and rotund individuals , people who abuse alcoholic drink , those who smoke , and those under a destiny of stress are at significant hazard for developing the condition .
Along with taking specific medication for the intervention of psoriasis , those suffering from the skin condition can apply tea tree oil to help soothe the infected skin . you could immix two drops of Camellia sinensis tree oil with one bead of lavender oil and apply the oil treatment to the touched areas of your peel after your exhibitor . For the best results , use this handling several metre a day .
Relieve Nail Fungus
teatime tree diagram oil is excellent for process nail fungus because of its powerful antimicrobial and antifungal properties that will forbid the development of pathogenic fungi while aid the nail and peg orbit from being adversely affected . treat nail fungus is n’t tricky , but if not continually treated , the disease will reappear .
To use afternoon tea tree oil on nail fungus , rinse your nails and toenails with warm water supply and disinfectant soap . Next , dim a cotton swab into the teatime tree oil and apply to the affected nail . Leave the cotton swab on the pretend nails for fifteen minutes .
Treat Dandruff
A little - known welfare of tea tree oil is its ability to in effect treat dandruff , which is a chronic disease of the scalp . Dandruff is a common problem for multitude of all ages and can have meek to austere symptoms .
teatime tree diagram oil is an effectual and good agency to cover dandruff because of its power to soothe a ironical scalp and remove the deadened cutis that is associated with dandruff . The antibacterial properties help reduce skin irritation .
In a jar or charge plate feeding bottle , merge all the constituent . interchange the eyelid and smartly shake to thoroughly mix . Store in a cool position .
When it ’s time to wash away your haircloth , make trusted to excite the shampoo thoroughly . While this shampoo wo n’t create the foamy lather you ’re used to , this homemade shampoo is houseclean your pilus and keep it levelheaded .
Treat Skin Fungus and other Skin Conditions
Skin fungus is a condition that is due to a miscellanea of fungi . Different fungi will affect unlike parting of the body and are name after the consistency parts where fungous infection fall out , like roundworm pedis , tinea corporis , tinea crisis , tinea capitis , and ringworm unguium .
To reduce the recurrence of skin fungus and speed up the process of intervention , you need to apply a small amount of teatime tree rock oil to the affected cutis . The antifungal properties of teatime tree diagram oil will help kill the fungus . If you suffer from sensitive hide , you ’ll require to dilute the oil with water before applying .
Treat Infections
Infections are the attack and speedy exploitation of microorganisms in the soundbox , like viruses , bacterium , and parasites . Typically infections start in one region of the torso , but can rapidly spread .
Some of the vernacular symptoms that are assort with an infection in the body are cough , sneezing , fever , fatigue duty , lighting , looseness , vomiting , and cramps . These are all physical manifestation of your immune system endeavor to rule out the pathogen . teatime tree oil is one of the greatest innate remedies for treating infections in the body .
Tea Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree oils instinctive antiviral and antibacterial property help to preclude the infection from spread . When it comes to tegument contagion , natural oil aid to keep the injury teetotal , which helps to limit the maturation of the virus or bacterium . All you need to do to treat an contagion is to enforce some tea tree rock oil at once to the affected orbit ( .. ) .
Treat Eczema
Another wellness benefit of tea tree oil is in the intervention of eczema . This usual peel status is characterized by dry , itchy , red skin and is most ordinarily found in the folds of the branch and arms .
To help relieve the symptom of eczema , you may utilise afternoon tea tree oil . Along with helping the affected skin with its antibacterial properties , it will also aid to moisturize your skin without get any added irritation or rashes .
Adding moisture to your pelt with the utilization of tea tree oil can help oneself dramatically dilute the symptoms of eczema . To use tea leaf tree petroleum to treat eczema , adulterate several drops of tea tree vegetable oil with a carrier oil , like European olive tree oil or coconut petroleum , and apply the answer to the affected skin . Repeat on a regular basis for the best results .
Treat Tooth Decay
Tooth decline is a stipulation in which you set about to develop kettle of fish in your tooth as a result of bacterial activity . When left untreated , the interruption will continue to grow and end up affecting the deeper layers of the tooth , which can top to terrible toothache , tooth fractures , and infection .
Fortunately , tea Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree oil has been proven to help treat tooth decay . In a study conducted by Dr. Kate Hammer , that tea tree vegetable oil can efficaciously treat a scope of unwritten bacterium that is creditworthy for tooth decay .
Not only does tea tree oil color helper to prevent bacterium from forming back breaker on your dentition , but it helps to stimulate the salivary gland in your mouth to eliminate dry mouth , which is a common cause of tooth decomposition .
To utilise tea tree diagram petroleum to stop tooth decay , mix one to two drops of the natural oil with your veritable toothpaste and sweep your teeth as common . you could also add a few drops of tea Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree oil to bake soda and sweep your tooth with the result library paste , to treat tooth decay and white your tooth .
Bad breath is a consequence of bacterium that are found in your mouth , peculiarly those found at the back of your natural language , throat , and tonsils . With Camellia sinensis tree oils antimicrobic action , it can drink down the bacterium and work as a lifelike remedy for bad hint .
Recent studies have show that tea Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree all-important oil acts as an effective antiseptic against unwritten pathogen , including methicillin - insubordinate Staphylococcus aureus , Candida albicans , and Escherichia coli . The antiseptic properties can be especially beneficial after oral OR when you are at an increased risk of developing a fungal or bacterial contagion .
When using tea tree vegetable oil to treat bad breathing spell , it is important to think back that you should never take it orally , so if you are using it as a mouthwash to vote out oral seed , be certain you skewer it out and soundly rinse your mouth with water .
Eliminate Athletes Foot
If you ’re cope with athlete foot , afternoon tea tree oil is one of the best fungicidal medicine to handle it . you’re able to make your anti - fungal powder using tea leaf tree diagram oil , broil soda , and arrowroot pulverisation to eliminate olfactory property and absorb moisture .
The indian shot pulverization is made from the rhizomes of several tropical plants and helps to blow out smell while provide a wet - absorbing al-Qa’ida for the pulverization . The broil soda pop will help oneself with sweating and odor and help stop the itch often associated with athlete ’s foot . The tea tree in this recipe prevents the fungus and keep it from replicating .
In a randomized , placebo - controlled , blinded study , the efficacy of tea leaf tree oil was prove in the treatment of jock ’s fundament compared to a placebo . Patients in the treatment group encounter either a placebo , a 50 percent tea tree vegetable oil solution , or a 25 percentage tea Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree root .
researcher conducting the study reported a clinical response in 72 percent of the 25 percent tea leaf tree diagram radical , 68 percent of the 50 percent tea tree group , and 39 percentage in the placebo group , conclude that tea tree oil color is good in the treatment of athlete ’s foot .
Add the indian shot pulverization and baking soda to the shaker container . tally the tea tree fossil oil to the pulverisation , spreading the drop out as good you may . Use a branching to romance any chunk that you might have . Rinse your feet thoroughly and pat them dry , then apply the powder .
reprize the process twice a day . verify your hired man are clean to spread the gunpowder around your intact metrical foot equally . Store the remaining powder in a coolheaded , ironic seat .
Help Combat Head Lice
The herculean insecticidal place of tea tree diagram oil can be used to get rid of head biting louse , those small , parasitical insects that are a parent ’s worst nightmare . teatime tree crude oil is one of the best homeremedies for head lice . To eliminate head lice naturally , combine one teaspoon undiluted tea Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree oil , one teaspoon of ylang - ylang oil , and three tablespoons cocoanut crude oil .
utilize the mix to the scalp and thoroughly massage . Use a fine tooth comb to disentangle the discussion through the hair and cover with a shower jacket . The discussion needs to sit for two hour before brushing through again and rinsing the oils out .
Next , you ’ll need to combine one cup of piddle and two cup of orchard apple tree cider vinegar in a spray bottle . Completely impregnate the hair with the nebuliser . Then gargle with tender water and comb through the hair again .
Finally , lend oneself a light software of coconut oil and leave it in . restate the entire appendage every five to ten days for several weeks to ensure you ’ve killed all of the lice and the eggs .
Help Treat a Sore Throat
If you are getting a sore pharynx , you’re able to use tea tree vegetable oil to reduce the inflammation of the mucous membranes , which is what add to the pain in the ass of a sore pharynx , while fighting off the implicit in infection .
If you could catch it in clip , Camellia sinensis tree oil can also prevent the contagion from taking cargo area in the first position . To utilise Camellia sinensis Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree rock oil to treat a sore pharynx , set one drop of tea Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree oil into a glass of warm piddle .
At least once a day , swish the discussion around your oral fissure and rinse with it . you’re able to also bring two teaspoon of table salt to the discourse to help depict out any excess water from the mucous membranes that can create pressure level and increase your discomfort .
Treat a Sinus Infection
When a cold-blooded develops into a fistula infection , the resulting pressure can be pathetic . Your sinuses are air - filled dental caries located at the front of your skull , and they are lined with mucous membrane .
When infection fructify in , an surplusage of mucous secretion in these cavities results in unspeakable pressure . Plus , the membranes become inflamed , which induce it difficult for the mucus to enfeeble .
To cut down the inflammation in the cavity and serve the mucous drainpipe , you’re able to add several fall of tea Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree all-important oil to a container of steaming water . Lean over the pot , and pass over your head and the trough with a towel . catch one’s breath in the steam for a good 15 minutes at least twice a daylight to winnow out the bacteria and clear out your sinuses .
Clean Abrasions and Minor Cuts
The strong antimicrobial characteristics of tea tree oil colour can gain minor cut and corrasion by cleanse the area and warding off infection . embark on by scavenge the stirred area thoroughly with plain soap and body of water , rinsing the soap off and ensuring there is n’t any dirt or debris left in the wound .
Mix a teaspoon of coconut rock oil and a drop of afternoon tea tree diagram oil color and apply the handling directly to the cut . Rinse the area exhaustively , and reapply the tea tree crude colloidal gel several times a twenty-four hour period as require .
To make the treatment last a bit longer , smear a small amount of the Camellia sinensis tree and coconut rock oil miscellany on the interior of an adhesive bandage and place it on the cut .
Relieve Itchy Bug Bites
Early studies show that tea Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree oil can run an essential function in decreasing the severity of allergens and thorn that arrive into tangency with the skin .
Dabbing a small amount of tea Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree crude oil , diluted with cocoa palm oil or other carrier wave oil color , onto a bug pungency can reduce the initial response while solace the burning and itch sensation that tend to be unbearable .
DIY Deodorant
If Camellia sinensis tree diagram fossil oil can deodorise your garbage can , it can dissemble as a deodorizer for you . You have two types of sweat gland in your consistence , eccrine and apocrine . The eccrine sweat gland cover most of your eubstance and do n’t smell .
Apocrine , on the other handwriting , are those that are find in your armpit and around your privates . The sweat released by these secretor is thicker than the distinctive sweat gland , and it feed on the bacteria that is located on your skin . When the bacteria begins to breakdown and disintegrate , the sweat releases the olfactory property .
Since Camellia sinensis Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree crude fight bacterium , using tea tree diagram oil as a deodourant have in mind there will be few bacteria to damp down the sweat , ensue in less olfactory property . you may make your own DIY deodorant by mixing a few drops of Camellia sinensis tree petroleum with some baking soda and coconut palm oil . Mix all of the ingredients until well combined , then add a thin layer to your armpit .
Soak Sore Muscles
Since tea tree diagram fossil oil works wonder on inflammation , it ’s no wonder it can be used to treat sore muscles . When you combine the oil with Epsom salt , you’re able to gazump away the raw , soused , and inflamed brawn .
set out by cut the teatime Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree oil colour in any neutral crude oil , like olive or coconut , then mix with the Epsom salt . make full your bath midway with warm water , add the salt , and lay back and slow down .
Fight Fungal, Bacterial, and Viral Infections
There is a good ground why so many health care products have tea tree rock oil as an active ingredient . In a scientific review published in Clinical Microbiology Reviews , data picture that the broad - spectrum activity of tea leaf tree fossil oil is due to its antifungal , antibacterial , and antiviral belongings , which means it is useful in push many infections , from MRSA to athlete ’s foot .
How to Use Tea Tree Oil in Your Home
Recent sketch have discovered that there are around ten Lebanese pound of chemical substance found in every household ’s cleaning products . If this number is valid , then it is of the essence to assay to find alternatives for pick your dwelling house without using chemicals .
Using tea tree oil color to clean your home plate is one way of life to get disembarrass of the chemical - laden commercial cleaning products that you use to clean your menage . The antiviral , antifungal , and antiseptic qualities of afternoon tea tree oil make it the pure solution to your nursing home cleanup needs .
Disinfect the Air
The strong antiseptic characteristics of tea leaf tree diagram crude can assist to disinfect the aura in your domicile , specially after someone in your family has been sick . you may add six to eight bead of teatime tree oil to your warm mist vaporizer to avail get rid of any airborne virus and bacterium that might be lurking in your business firm .
you’re able to also sum up several drops of the oil to your laundry when washing your linen after your family has recover from an sickness .
Make an All-Purpose Cleaner
you may make your own all - purpose cleaner using tea tree oil that will get your house foam clean without fall back to the use of coarse chemicals , like those you find in commercial-grade detergent .
After all , it ’s a bit counterproductive to try and clean your countertops to make them more food - friendly , by wiping them down with toxic chemical .
Add the water , acetum , and tea Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree oil to the spray bottle . Replace the cap and shake the container smartly to compound the ingredients . Spray the dry cleaner directly onto your countertops or other surfaces and wipe them down with a clean cloth .
Make Your Own Hand Sanitizer
Americans expend about $ 175 million a year on hand sanitizers . When it comes to the commercial hand sanitizers that you could purchase in the store , many contain abrasive chemical like , triclosan , which can cut off your thyroid routine and ultimately result you with a weakened immune system .
To avoid these military issue , you may make your paw sanitizer using tea tree oil and other bacteria - fighting ingredient .
In the roll , add the tea tree , clove , and lavender oil . Stir thoroughly to compound . Add the aloe vera gel , and the witch hazel . coalesce and store in a coolheaded , glowering place for up to a month . apply anytime you require to sanitize your hands .
Repel Pests
The olfactory property of tea tree oil colour is a important deterrent to a variety of pests . Does tea tree oil repel seam bugs ? Definitely !
It is one of the bestbed bug remediesyou can expend in your home plate . In nature , the oil color from the plant play a key role in warding off creatures that would enjoy it as a tasty collation , which leads one to believe that the tea tree all important oil would work on just as well .
To repel plague in your household , add 20 drop cloth of tea leaf tree all-important oil to a spray bottle , and fill the balance of the bottle with water . stimulate to combine the ingredients , then spray the solution around door , crack , and any other potential entry head for undesirable pesterer .
Deodorize Your Garbage Can
If you ca n’t digest the thought of open your refuse can , or diaper pail if you habituate one , tea leaf Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree oil might be the answer to your job . Along with eliminating the odors that lean to collect inside of trash can , teatime Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree petroleum can also prevent bacterium from acquire .
you could combine ½ teaspoon afternoon tea tree oil with one cupful of bake soda to increase the smell killing index . Combine the ingredients in a shaker and stimulate the mixture into the bottom of your methamphetamine hydrochloride can to keep smell at bay .
Banish Mold
A coarse problem that many homeowners experience is a mold infestation . When display to this toxin , you might start to live smuggled mold symptoms . Tea tree essential oil is anatural mold killerthat can be used to eliminate mold from your home . you may get rid of the mould spores in the air by using a diffuser and diffusing several free fall of tea Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree oil around your house .
you may also use the tea Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree oil , all - purpose cleaner on exhibitor drape , in your dishwasher or toilette , and in your washing machine to kill off mold and other bacteria that may be tarry .
Get Rid of Mildew
Mildew is made up of tiny fungal filament that tend to bet snowy , powdery , or fuzzy . They like to grow on the dampish and warm surface , and if not deal cursorily can spread .
you could treat mildew by adding ten drops of tea tree crude oil to a spray bottle filled with water . Before each covering , ensure to shake the bottle well , then spray directly onto the mildew .
Allow the answer to baby-sit for five instant before wiping with a dampish textile . The afternoon tea Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree oil will play to suppress the growth of succeeding bacteria , as long as you manage the overall conditions .
Clean the Washing Machine
Washing machines , specially front load washers , can start to smell after a while . While there are commercial lavation machine deodorizers that you could corrupt , they are meet with harmful chemicals . If you wish the sense of smell of a refreshed washer , you could use Camellia sinensis tree diagram oil to freshen it up .
All you need to do is add up 10 - 15 fall of the oil colour to the drum of your machine and go it on the hot cps to get disembarrass of bacterium and smell .
Freshen Clothes in the Dryer
Tea tree diagram oil color not only works to strip your wash machine but can be used in your dryer to get rid of the dampish mildew olfactory modality from your apparel . If you use a woollen drier ball , add several drops to it to freshen up your clothes , if you do n’t have the time to rewash them .
If you do n’t use woolen dryer balls , you could use an old cotton shirt in the same way . write out the shirt into 5 - inch squares and tote up five drop of tea tree oil to each foursquare . thresh the square into the drier , like you would a dryer flat solid . When the aroma start to diminish , refresh the cloth with a few more drops .
How to Use Tea Tree Oil in Your Garden
horticulture can be an enriching and fulfilling activity . However , the unwelcome mien of persistent pesterer can keep you from mistreat foot in your garden .
If these nuisance are destroying your garden , you might need to view using tea Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree oil to get disembarrass of them . Camellia sinensis tree oil color is a natural and relatively gentle to apply solution for ridding your garden of unwanted gadfly .
Get Rid of Ants
If you have an ground forces of ants that are ruining the ambience of your garden with their bothersome Hill , you’re able to utilise tea tree oil to get disembarrass of them for good . Tea tree oil is a highly in force solvent for getting rid of a diversity of insects , including ants .
Just apply a thin layer of the rock oil over any ant trail that you get along across . The scent will disrupt the pheromone trail that they exit behind , render them unable to make it back to their preferred maculation . you may also apply a small drop-off of tea tree diagram oil to get rid of undesirable pismire in your house .
Deal with Flies
fly can become a significant job in your garden , especially if you have outdoor scraps cans nearby . Instead of contribute up and sharing your garden with these pesky flying insects , repel them with afternoon tea tree diagram fossil oil .
you could either move your drivel cans elsewhere on your property or if that ’s not an alternative , wipe down the slope of your garbage tush with tea tree diagram oil . The potent olfactory property will labour the flies away .
Repel Mosquitoes
If you ’re macabre of being the chief course of action for the mosquito while you ’re out in your garden , you may deter them from biting you with tea tree diagram petroleum . Blend the rock oil with a toter oil to load it . Then apply a thin level of the mixture equally on your consistence to help keep mosquito at bay .
you could also add several drops of tea Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree essential oil to your fuzz to keep mosquitoes and other insects from feeding on you .
Use as a Fungicide
Leaf spots , root rot , blights , and mold can all but destroy the garden you ’ve worked so hard to work up . Using commercial chemical fungicides can help to extinguish fungal infections on your plants , but at the risk of harm nearby plant life .
Tea tree oil ’s antimicrobial natural process can effectively battle fungus , and it ’s secure to use around your other plant , as well as your children and ducky .
Mix the ingredients in a large container . combine well to see the baking soda completely dissolve and combine with the water and tea tree oil colour . channel the solution to a spray bottle .
Spray the antimycotic on the works in your garden that are affected every three days to control mould and other fungous infection . Use the solution sparingly , and spray it in the morning to prevent the solution from burning the folio .
Are There any Side Effects with Tea Tree Oil?
While tea tree oil color is relatively safe to apply to your skin , it can do skin irritation , contact dermatitis , and swelling . If you are using it to do by acne , it might make skin itching , dispassionateness , stinging , burning , and redness .
When you apply teatime Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree oil locally , it ’s best to dilute it with a carrier oil color , like Cocos nucifera or olive oil . If you have sore cutis , then it is recommended that you dilute the teatime Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree oil . You should never consume tea tree oil via the oral cavity due to the possibility of spartan side force like confusion , unsteadiness , inability to take the air , heady , and coma .
Any time you are using tea tree oil color for wellness and beauty remedies , always take the right safety safeguard to avoid inadvertent ingestion .
Due to its muscular antibacterial and antiseptic properties , afternoon tea tree crude oil has become a best-loved essential oil for numerous wellness and beauty applications , as well as for use in the garden and around the home . The abundant tea Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree rock oil uses certain to make it a must - have indispensable oil for your home .
It is such a diverse indispensable crude that is both convenient and practical , as well as being cheap that you ’ll never require to dwell without it again .
We hope you enjoyed find out about the many teatime Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree oil employment . If you found these natural fossil oil tips useful , please do n’t hesitate to divvy up this Camellia sinensis tree vegetable oil post with your family and friends .
